Working out how much is left after each stage
After A has eaten the fraction left is \frac{1}{2}.
B eats \frac{1}{3} of this which leaves \frac{1}{2} - (\frac{1}{2} \times \frac{1}{3}) = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{6}= \frac{1}{3}.
C eats \frac{1}{4} which leaves \frac{1}{3} - (\frac{1}{3} \times \frac{1}{4}) = \frac{1}{3} - \frac{1}{12} = \frac{1}{4}.
D eats \frac{1}{5} which similarly leaves \frac{1}{5}.
Multiplying the fractions not eaten
A eats \frac12 and leaves \frac12
B eats \frac13 so leaves \frac23
And so on, so the fraction left at the end will be \frac12\times\frac23\times\frac34\times\frac45=\frac15 since most numerators cancel with the previous denominator.