Litov's Mean Value Theorem

After a while of playing with the numbers on a spreadsheet I have discovered that the formula to find the "limiting value" for $2$ starting numbers is: $$\frac{x+2y}{3}$$ where $x$ is the first number chosen and $y$ is the second number chosen.

The formula to find the "limiting value" for 3 starting numbers will be: $$\frac{x+2y+3z}{6}$$

$$\frac{a_1+2a_2+3a_3+4a_4+\ldots+(n-1)a_{n-1}+n a_n}{\frac{1}{2}n(n+1)}$$ where $a_1$, $a_2$, $\ldots$, $a_{n-1}$ and $a_n$ are the $n$ starting numbers.

As mathematicians, we like to prove our answers, rather than just predict. Here is an outline of how we might prove the formula when there are two starting numbers.

Suppose that the first two numbers are $a$ and $b$. Let's work out the next few terms of the sequence. We have

$$a,\:b,\:\frac{a+b}{2},\:\frac{a+3b}{4},\:\frac{3a+5b}{8},\: \frac{5a+11b}{16},\:\frac{11a+21b}{32},\:\frac{21a+43b}{64}$$ and so on. We'd like to show that in the limit the coefficient of $b$ is twice the coefficient of $a$, and also that the sum of these coefficients is the denominator. Can you see why this will prove the formula?

The $n^{\textrm{th}}$ term in the sequence is of the form $$\frac{ \alpha_n a+\beta_n b}{2^{n-2}}$$ (for $n\geq 2$). We can work out $\alpha_n$ in terms of $\alpha_{n-1}$ and $\alpha_{n-2}$. Can you see how?

We have $\alpha_n=\alpha_{n-1}+2\alpha_{n-2}$ (for $n\geq 4$). Similarly, we have $\beta_n=\beta_{n-1}+2\beta_{n-2}$ (for $n\geq 4$).

It turns out that we can use these formulae to prove that $\beta_n=2\alpha_n +(-1)^n$ (for $n\geq 2$). Test this formula on the above examples to see that it works for these cases.

We'd like to show that as $n$ tends to infinity, $\beta_n$ becomes twice $\alpha_n$. Let's think about $\beta_n/\alpha_n$. From the above formula, this is $2+(-1)^n/\alpha_n$. But $\alpha_n$ is getting bigger and bigger, so the $(-1)^n/\alpha_n$ part of this gets smaller and smaller. In fact, it tends to $0$, and so the limit of the whole expression is $2$.

It is also possible to use the formulae for $\alpha_n$ and $\beta_n$ to show that $\alpha_n+\beta_n=2^{n-2}$ (for $n\geq 3$) (that is, the coefficients of $a$ and $b$ sum to the number on the bottom of the fraction). Again, test this formula on the examples above.

Combining the last two paragraphs, we find that the limit of the sequence is $$\frac{a+2b}{3}$$ as predicted.