Distribution Differences

When we collect and compare data for a subject or question that interests us we often consider and compare the mean or median of each data set. We might also try to measure how dispersed the data is in each case, using the standard deviation or the inter-quartile range, and perhaps using a box plot as a convenient display.

When we compare situations which include a value that varies randomly we need to do something similar.

But there's a difference: any data with a random variable are only a sample, take the data again and they will almost certainly be different. For example, if you throw a die 100 times and draw a graph this will almost certainly be different from the next time you throw it 100 times.

On the other hand, if you take the height measurements for a group of people, you don't expect the measurements to be different if you immediately measure them again.

In this problem you'll use your critical thinking skills to consider how best to compare probability distributions. Several of the questions posed below are there to start you thinking.

The main questions for you to answer are :

• How is Aces High like Five Dice ? How is it different ? And what if this involved tossing a coin rather than dice and cards ?

• 10cm is different to Five Dice in some key ways - what would you say those differences were ?

Five Dice - When five dice are rolled together which do you expect to see more often, no sixes or all sixes?

10cm - A group of people are asked to put two marks on a piece of paper an estimated 10cm apart, what fraction of the group do you think will be within half a centimetre of the target length?

Aces High - One hundred people have each shuffled a pack of cards. They turn the cards one by one keeping in time with each other. If they get an Ace of Spades they hold it up. An observer records how many aces were held up at each of the synchronised card turns as each member of the group works their way through their shuffled pack. How many of those 52 observations do you think were zero? How about one, or two, ...?

Now each of those three situations has a probability distribution associated with it.

• How is Aces High like Five Dice ? How is it different? And what if this involved tossing a coin rather than dice and cards?

• 10cm is different to Five Dice in some key ways - what would you say those differences were?