Take Three from Five

Why do this problem?

This problem looks like a number task, possibly involving revision about multiples, but it becomes a question about establishing why something can never happen, and creating a convincing argument to show this. Students are used to considering the cases where numbers are either odd or even, and here they are being introduced to the idea that numbers can also be categorised into 1 more than, 2 more than, or exactly a multiple of 3. This provides an introduction to number theory and a possible springboard to the ideas of modulo arithmetic.

Algebraic proofs are often seen as the "gold standard" of mathematical rigour, but here is a nice example in which the visual proof can offer a deeper insight into the structure of the numbers modulo 3.

Possible approach

Allow negative numbers, as long as they will allow you negative multiples of $3$ (and zero).

At some stage there may be mutterings that it's impossible. A possible response might be:
"Well if you think it's impossible, there must be a reason. If you can find a reason then we'll be sure."

Once they have had sufficient thinking time, bring the class together to share ideas.

If it hasn't emerged, share with students Charlie's representation from What Numbers Can We Make?

All numbers fall into one of these 3 categories:

Type A (multiple of $3$, i.e. of the form $3n$)

Type B (of the form $3n+1$)


Type C (of the form $3n+2$)

We have found that trying to use algebraic expressions as above, is tricky - students often end up with n having two or more values at once.  For example, when considering the general sum of a type A, a type B and a type C number, students tend to write $3n+(3n+1)+(3n+2)$ without realising that this restricts them to the sum of three consecutive numbers.  Instead students need to realise that they should write something of the form $3n+(3m+1)+(3p+2)$.

Students are unlikely to know the notation of modular arithmetic, but the crosses notation above is sufficient for the context, and it suggests a geometrical image that students can use in explaining their ideas.

"Which combinations of A, B and C give a multiple of three?"
"Can you find examples in our list on the board where you gave me one of those combinations?"

A few minutes later...

"Great, then all you have to do is find a combination of As, Bs and Cs that doesn't include AAA, BBB, CCC or ABC!"

Later still...

"It's impossible! All the combinations will include either AAA, BBB, CCC or ABC!"

"OK, but can you prove it? Can you convince me that it's impossible?"

Possible support

Possible extension