To encode the following message the text was first written as
pairs of letters ignoring the spaces between the words. For example
John Brown would be written jo hn br ow nz where the z is added
because there are an odd number of letters.
The letters of the alphabet are numbered $a=0,\ b=1,\ {\rm
to}\ z=25$ and each pair of letters is replaced by a pair of
numbers. There are $26\times 26=676$ pairs of numbers. It is
possible to store the codes for all 676 pairs and look them up as
needed but much more efficient to use a decyphering formula.
Each pair of numbers $(\alpha, \beta)$ is encoded as another
pair of numbers $(\alpha',\beta')$ where $$\alpha' = \alpha +
3\beta \pmod {26}$$ $$\beta' = 5\beta \ \ \pmod{26}$$
Find $\alpha$ and $\beta$ in terms of $\alpha'$ and $\beta'$ and
hence decode the following quotation which is a remark made by
Einstein:
dj lb rn qm bu ao hd eo kr ia cs ud rx cm qo bn fr ld ek th ys
wm
In turn 4 people throw away three nuts from a pile and hide a
quarter of the remainder finally leaving a multiple of 4 nuts. How
many nuts were at the start?