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This problem requires students to sketch graphs of trig functions, and think about the symmetries of these graphs. They are also required to think about inequalities and how they might show thee to be true.
For the last part of the problem there are a couple of suggested approaches in the Getting Started section.
The familiar Pythagorean 3-4-5 triple gives one solution to (x-1)^n + x^n = (x+1)^n so what about other solutions for x an integer and n= 2, 3, 4 or 5?
Find all 3 digit numbers such that by adding the first digit, the square of the second and the cube of the third you get the original number, for example 1 + 3^2 + 5^3 = 135.